Robert Dale's Publications

These publications are listed in reverse chronological order.

• Authored Books
• Edited Collections
• Journal Articles
• Book Chapters
• Refereed Conference and Workshop Papers
• Patents

Authored Books

1. Ehud Reiter and Robert Dale [2000] Building Natural Language Generation Systems. Cambridge University Press. Reissued in paperback in 2006.
2. Robert Dale [1992] Generating Referring Expressions: Constructing Descriptions in a Domain of Objects and Processes. MIT Press.

Edited Collections

1. Robert Dale, Denis Burnham and Catherine J Stevens (eds) [2011] Human Communication Science: A Compendium, HCSNet, Sydney.

2. Nathalie Colineau, Cécile Paris, Stephen Wan and Robert Dale (eds) [2006] Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Natural Language Generation (INLG 2006), Sydney, Australia, held in conjunction with COLING/ACL 2006, July 15–16, Sydney. Association for Computational Linguistics.

3. Robert Dale, Kam-Fai Wong, Jian Su, and Oi Yee Kwong (eds) [2005] Natural Language Processing – IJCNLP 2005: Proceedings of the Second International Joint Conference, Springer.

4. Robert Dale, Hermann Moisl and Harold Somers (eds) [2000] Handbook of Natural Language Processing. Marcel Dekker Inc. [More information]
5. Robert Dale, Barbara Di Eugenio and Donia Scott (eds) [1998] Special Issue on Natural Language Generation, Computational Linguistics, 24(3), September 1998.
6. Robert Dale, Eduard Hovy, Dietmar Rosner and Oliviero Stock (eds) [1992] Aspects of Automated Natural Language Generation. Springer-Verlag.
7. Robert Dale, Christopher Mellish and Michael Zock (eds) [1990] Current Research in Natural Language Generation. Academic Press.

Journal Articles

1. Jette Viethen, Robert Dale, and Markus Guhe [2014] Referring in dialogue: alignment or construction? Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29:8, 950–974.

2. Stephen Wan, Cécile Paris and Robert Dale [2010] Supporting browsing-specific information needs: Introducing the Citation-Sensitive In-Browser Summariser. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, Volume 8, 196–202. doi:10.1016/j.websem.2010.03.002.

3. Jette Viethen and Robert Dale [2007] Evaluation in Natural Language Generation: Lessons from Referring Expression Generation. Traitement Automatique des Langues, 48:1, 141–160. [PDF]

4. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2007] Handling conjunctions in named entities. Lingvisticae Investigationes, 30:1, 49–68. [PDF]

5. Robert Dale, Sabine Geldof and Jean-Philippe Prost [2005] Using Natural Language Generation in Automatic Route Description. Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology, 37(1), 89–105. [PDF]

6. Robert Dale, Jon Oberlander, Maria Milosavljevic and Alistair Knott [1998] Integrating natural language generation and hypertext to produce dynamic documents. Interacting with Computers, 11, 109–135. [PDF]
7. Christopher Mellish and Robert Dale [1998] Evaluation in the Context of Natural Language Generation. Computer Speech and Language, 12, 349–373. [PDF]
8. Ehud Reiter and Robert Dale [1997] Building applied natural language generation systems. Journal of Natural Language Engineering, 3, 57–87. [PDF]
9. Robert Dale and Ehud Reiter [1995] Computational Interpretations of the Gricean Maxims in the Generation of Referring Expressions. Cognitive Science, 19, 233–263, April–June 1995. [PDF]
10. Alistair Knott and Robert Dale [1995] Using Linguistic Phenomena to Motivate a Set of Coherence Relations. Discourse Processes, 18(1), 35–62. [PDF]
11. Robert Dale and Nicholas Haddock [1991] Content Determination in the Generation of Referring Expressions. Computational Intelligence, 7(4), 252–265.
12. Robert Dale [1990] A Rule-based approach to Computer-Assisted Copy Editing. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 2, 59–67. [PDF]

Book Chapters

1. Robert Dale [2011] Computational Linguistics. In Mark Aronoff (editor), Oxford Bibliographies Online: Linguistics, Oxford University Press, 28th October 2011. [Long URL]

2. Robert Dale [2010] Classical Approaches to Natural Language Processing. Pages 3–8 in N Indurkhya and F Damerau (eds.) Handbook of Natural Language Processing, Second Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton.

3. Robert Dale and Jette Viethen [2010] Attribute-Centric Referring Expression Generation. Pages 163–179 in Emiel Krahmer and M Theune (eds.) Empirical Methods in Natural Language Generation, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 5790, Springer.

4. Alexander Koller, Kristina Striegnitz, Donna Byron, Justine Cassell, Robert Dale, Johanna Moore and Jon Oberlander [2010] The First Challenge on Generating Instructions in Virtual Environments. Pages 328–352 in Emiel Krahmer and M Theune (eds.) Empirical Methods in Natural Language Generation, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 5790, Springer.

5. Stephen Wan, Mark Dras, Robert Dale and Cécile Paris [2010] Spanning Tree Approaches for Statistical Sentence Generation. Pages 13–44 in Emiel Krahmer and M Theune (eds.) Empirical Methods in Natural Language Generation, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 5790, Springer.

6. Denis Burnham, Eliathamby Ambikairajah, Joanne Arciuli, Mohammed Bennamoun, Catherine T Best, Steven Bird, Andrew R Butcher, Steve Cassidy, Girija Chetty, Felicity M Cox, Anne Cutler, Robert Dale, Julien R Epps, Janet M Fletcher, Roland Goecke, David B Grayden, John T Hajek, John C Ingram, Shunichi Ishihara, Nenagh Kemp, Yuko Kinoshita, Takaaki Kuratate, Trent W Lewis, Debbie E Loakes, Marc Onslow, David M Powers, Philip Rose, Roberto Togneri, Dat Tran and Michael Wagner [2009] A Blueprint for a Comprehensive Australian English Auditory-Visual Speech Corpus. Pages 96–107 in Michael Haugh, Kate Burridge, Jean Mulder and Pam Peters (eds), Selected Proceedings of the 2008 HCSNet Workshop on Designing the Australian National Corpus: Mustering Languages, Cascadilla Proceedings Project, Somerville, MA, USA.

7. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2009] Handling conjunctions in named entities. Pages 51–70 in Satoshi Sekine and Elisabete Ranchhod (eds), Named Entities: Recognition, Classification and Use, John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia.

8. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2009] The DANTE Temporal Expression Tagger. Pages 245–257 in Zygmunt Vetulani and Hans Uszkoreit (eds.), Human Language Technology: Challenges of the Information Society. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 5603, Springer.

9. Robert Dale [2007] Generating Referring Expressions: Past, Present and Future. Pages 99–114 in N Nicolov, K Bontcheva, G Angelova and R Mitkov (eds), Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing IV: Selected Papers from RANLP 2005, John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia.

10. Robert Dale [2006] Generating Referring Expressions. Pages 761–766 in K Brown (ed), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, Oxford.

11. Sabine Geldof and Robert Dale [2005] Segmenting Route Descriptions for Mobile Devices. Chapter 17 in W Minker, D Bühler and L Dybkjær (eds), Spoken Multimodal Human-Computer Dialogue in Mobile Environments, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
12. Robert Dale [2002] Natural Language Presentation and Automatic Report Generation. Pages 516–523 in W Kloesgen and J Zytkow (eds) Handbook of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Oxford University Press.
13. Robert Dale [2000] Symbolic Approaches to Natural Language Processing. Chapter 1 in Robert Dale et al (eds) Handbook of Natural Language Processing. Marcel Dekker Inc.
14. Robert Dale [1999] Content Determination in Natural Language Processing. In M Torrance and G C Jeffery (eds), Knowing What to Write : Cognitive perspectives on conceptual processes in text production. Amsterdam University Press.
15. Robert Dale [1997] Computer Assistance in Text Creation and Editing. In R Cole et al (eds) Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology. Cambridge University Press.
16. Robert Dale and Shona Douglas [1996] Two Investigations into Intelligent Text Processing. Pages 123–145 in The New Writing Environment, edited by Mike Sharples and Thea van der Geest. Springer, London.
17. Alistair Knott and Robert Dale [1996] Choosing a Set of Coherence Relations for Text Generation: A Data-driven Approach. Pages 47–67 in Trends in Natural Language Generation: An Artificial Intelligence Perspective, edited by Giovanni Adorni and Michael Zock. Springer Verlag, Berlin. [PDF]
18. Robert Dale [1993] The Initial Specifications for Generation. Pages 271–278 in New Concepts in Natural Language Generation: Planning, Realization and Systems, edited by Helmut Horacek and Michael Zock. Pinter Publishers, 1993.

19. Robert Dale [1992] Visible Language: Multimodal Constraints in Information Presentation. Pages 281–283 in Aspects of Automated Natural Language Generation, edited by Robert Dale, Eduard Hovy, Dietmar Rosner and Oliviero Stock. Springer-Verlag.
20. Robert Dale [1990] Generating Recipes: An Overview of EPICURE. Pages 229–255 in Current Research in Natural Language Generation, edited by Robert Dale, Christopher Mellish and Michael Zock. Academic Press, London.
21. Robert Dale [1989] Computer-based Editorial Aids. Pages 12–20 in Recent Developments and Applications of Natural Language Understanding, edited by Jeremy Peckham. Kogan Page, London.
22. Robert Dale [1988] The Generation of Subsequent Referring Expressions in Structured Discourses. Pages 58–75 in Advances in Natural Language Generation: an Interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Michael Zock and Gerard Sabah. Pinter Publishers, London.
23. Robert Dale [1987] An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Pages 33–46 in Arms and Artificial Intelligence: Weapon and Arms Control Applications of Advanced Computing, edited by Allan M Din. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and Oxford University Press.

Refereed Conference and Workshop Papers

1. Mark Dras, François Lareau, Benjamin Börschinger, Robert Dale, Yasaman Motazedi, Owen Rambow, Myfany Turpin and Morgan Ulinski [2012] Complex Predicates in Arrernte. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Lexical Functional Grammar Conference, 28th June 28–1st July 2012, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. [PDF]

2. Dave Barker-Plummer, Robert Dale and Richard Cox [2012] Using Edit Distance to Analyse Errors in a Natural Language to Logic Translation Corpus. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM12), 19th–21st June 2012, Chania, Greece. [PDF]

3. Robert Dale, Ilya Anisimoff and George Narroway [2012] HOO 2012: A Report on the Preposition and Determiner Error Correction Shared Task. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, 7th June 2012, Montreal, Canada. [PDF]

4. Robert Dale and George Narroway [2012] A Framework for Evaluating Text Correction. In Proceeedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012), 23rd–25th May 2012, Istanbul, Turkey. [PDF]

5. François Lareau, Mark Dras, Benjamin Börschinger and Robert Dale [2011] Collocations in Multilingual Natural Language Generation: Lexical Functions meet Lexical Functional Grammar. In Proceedings of the 2011 Australasian Language Technology Workshop, 1st–2nd December 2011, Canberra, Australia. [PDF]

6. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2011] Temporal Expression Recognition Using Dependency Trees. In Proceedings of the 5th Language and Technology Conference (LTC), 25th–27th November 2011, Poznan, Poland. [PDF]

7. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2011] LTIMEX: Representing the Local Semantics of Temporal Expressions. Pages 201–208 in Proceedings of the Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, 18th–21st September, 2011, Szczecin, Poland. [PDF]

8. François Lareau, Mark Dras and Robert Dale [2011] Detecting Interesting Event Sequences for Sports Reporting. In Proceedings of the 13th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 28th–30th September 2011, Nancy, France. [PDF]

9. Robert Dale and Adam Kilgarriff [2011] Helping Our Own: The HOO 2011 Pilot Shared Task. Pages 242–249 in Proceedings of the 13th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 28th–30th September 2011, Nancy, France. [PDF]

10. Jette Viethen, Robert Dale and Markus Guhe [2011] The Impact of Visual Context on the Content of Referring Expressions. In Proceedings of the 13th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 28th–30th September 2011, Nancy, France. [PDF]

11. Denis Burnham, Dominique Estival, Steven Fazio, Felicity Cox, Robert Dale, Jette Viethen, Steve Cassidy, Julien Epps, Roberto Togneri, Yuko Kinoshita, Roland Goecke, Joanne Arciuli, Marc Onslow, Trent Lewis, Andy Butcher and John Hajek [2011] Building an audio-visual corpus of Australian English: large corpus collection with an economical portable and replicable Black Box. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2011: The 12th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 28th–31st August 2011, Florence, Italy. [PDF]

12. Jette Viethen and Robert Dale [2011] GRE3D7: A Corpus of Distinguishing Descriptions for Objects in Visual Scenes. Pages 12–22 in Proceedings of the EMNLP 2011 Workshop on Language Generation and Evaluation, 31st July 2011, Edinburgh, Scotland. [PDF]

13. Jette Viethen, Robert Dale and Markus Guhe [2011] Generating Subsequent Reference in Shared Visual Scenes: Computation vs Copying. Pages 1158–1167 in Proceedings of EMNLP 2011: Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 27th–31st July 2011, Edinburgh, Scotland. [PDF]

14. Jette Viethen, Robert Dale and Markus Guhe [2011] Serial Dependency: Is It a Characteristic of Human Referring Expression Generation? In Proceedings of the PRE-CogSci 2011 Workshop on Production of Referring Expressions: Bridging the Gap Between Computational, Empirical and Theoretical Approaches to Reference, 20th July 2011, Boston, Massachusetts. [PDF]

15. Dave Barker-Plummer, Richard Cox and Robert Dale [2011] Student Translations of Natural Language into Logic: The Grade Grinder Translation Corpus Release 1.0. Pages 51–60 in Proceedings of the The 4th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 6th–8th July 2011, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. [PDF]

16. Dave Barker-Plummer, Robert Dale and Richard Cox [2011] Impedance Effects of Visual and Spatial Content upon Language-to-Logic Translation Accuracy. Pages 3259–3264 in Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 20th–23rd July 2011, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [PDF]

17. Michael Wagner, Dat Tran, Roberto Togneri, Philip Rose, David Powers, Marc Onslow, Debbie Loakes, Trent Lewis, Takaaki Kuratate, Yuko Kinoshita, Nenagh Kemp, Shunichi Ishihara, John Ingram, John Hajek, David Grayden, Roland Goecke, Janet Fletcher, Dominique Estival, Julien Epps, Robert Dale, Anne Cutler, Felicity Cox, Girija Chetty, Steve Cassidy, Andy Butcher, Denis Burnham, Steven Bird, Catherine Best, Mohammed Bennamoun, Joanne Arciuli and Eliathamby Ambikairajah [2010] The Big Australian Speech Corpus (The Big ASC). Pages 166–170 in Proceedings of the 13th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 14–16 December, Melbourne, Australia. [PDF]

18. Simon Zwarts, Mark Johnson and Robert Dale [2010] Repurposing Corpora for Speech Repair Detection: Two Experiments. Pages 99–106 in Proceedings of the 8th Australasian Language Technology Workshop, December, Melbourne, Australia. [PDF]

19. Jette Viethen and Robert Dale [2010] Speaker-dependent Variation in Content Selection for Referring Expression Generation. Pages 81–89 in Proceedings of the 8th Australasian Language Technology Workshop, pages 81–89, Melbourne, Australia. [PDF]

20. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2010] WikiWars: A New Corpus for Research on Temporal Expressions. Pages 913–922 in Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods on Natural Language Processing, 9th–11th October 2010 MIT, Massachusetts, USA. [PDF]

21. Simon Zwarts, Mark Johnson and Robert Dale [2010] Detecting Speech Repairs Incrementally Using a Noisy Channel Approach. Pages 1371–1378 in Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2010), 23rd–27th August 2010, Beijing, China. [PDF]

22. Robert Dale and Adam Kilgarriff [2010] Helping Our Own: Text Massaging for Computational Linguistics as a New Shared Task. Pages 261–265 in Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference, 7th–9th July 2010, Dublin, Ireland. [PDF]

23. Alexander Koller, Kristina Striegnitz, Andrew Gargett, Donna Byron, Justine Cassell, Robert Dale, Johanna Moore and Jon Oberlander [2010] Report on the Second NLG Challenge on Generating Instructions in Virtual Environments (GIVE-2). Pages 243–250 in Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference, 7th–9th July 2010, Dublin, Ireland.

24. Aaron Kalb, Dave Barker-Plummer, Deonne Castaneda, Christopher Potts, Richard Cox and Robert Dale [2010] The Impact of Syntax on the Interpretation and Graphical Depiction of Underspecified Propositions. Pages 808–813 in Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 11th–14th August 2010, Portland, Oregon, USA. [PDF]

25. Andrew Lampert, Robert Dale and Cécile Paris [2010] Detecting Emails Containing Requests for Action. Pages 984–992 in Proceedings of NAACL 2010, 1st–6th June 2010, Los Angeles, USA. [PDF]

26. Jette Viethen, Simon Zwarts, Robert Dale and Markus Guhe [2010] Generating Subsequent Referring Expressions in a Visual Domain. In Proceedings of LREC 2010, 19th–21st May 2010, Valetta, Malta. [PDF]

27. Alexandre Rafalovitch and Robert Dale [2009] United Nations General Assembly Resolutions: A Six-Language Parallel Corpus. In Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XII, 26th–29th August 2009, Ottawa, Canada. [PDF]

28. Stephen Wan, Cécile Paris, Michael Muthukrishna and Robert Dale [2009] Designing a Citation-Sensitive Research Tool: An Initial Study of Browsing-Specific Information Needs. Pages 45–53 in Proceedings of the Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries (NLPIR4DL), 7th August 2009, Singapore. [PDF]

29. Andrew Lampert, Robert Dale and Cécile Paris [2009] Segmenting Email Message Text into Zones. Pages 919–928 in Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP2009), 6th–7th August 2009, Singapore. [PDF]

30. Alexander Koller, Kristina Striegnitz, Donna Byron, Justine Cassell, Robert Dale, Sara Dalzel-Job, Jon Oberlander and Johanna Moore [2009] Validating the Web-based Evaluation of NLG Systems. Pages 301–304 in Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing, 2nd–7th August 2009, Singapore. [PDF]

31. Jette Viethen and Robert Dale [2009] Referring Expression Generation: What Can We Learn From Human Data? In Proceedings of the PRE-Cogsci 2009 Workshop on Production of Referring Expressions: Bridging the Gap between Computational and Empirical Approaches to Reference, 29th July, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [PDF]

32. Dave Barker-Plummer, Richard Cox and Robert Dale [2009] Dimensions of Difficulty in Translating Natural Language into First-Order Logic. Pages 220–229 in Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 1st–3rd July 2009, Cordoba, Spain. [PDF]

33. Stephen Wan, Cécile Paris and Robert Dale [2009] Whetting the Appetite of Scientists: Producing Summaries Tailored to the Citation Context. Pages 59–68 in Proceedings of the 2009 Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, 15th–19th June 2009, Austin, Texas. [PDF]

34. Robert Dale and Jette Viethen [2009] Referring Expression Generation through Attribute-Based Heuristics. Pages 58–65 in Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 30th–31st March 2009, Athens, Greece. [PDF]

35. Donna Byron, Alexander Koller, Kristina Striegnitz, Robert Dale, Johanna Moore and Jon Oberlander [2009] Report on the First NLG Challenge on Generating Instructions in Virtual Environments (GIVE). Pages 165–173 in Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 30th–31st March 2009, Athens, Greece. [PDF]

36. Stephen Wan, Mark Dras, Robert Dale and Cécile Paris [2009] Improving Grammaticality in Statistical Sentence Generation: Introducing a Dependency Spanning Tree Algorithm with an Argument Satisfaction Model. Pages 852–860 in Proceedings of 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 30h March–3rd April 2009, Athens, Greece. [PDF]

37. Alexander Koller, Donna Byron, Justine Cassell, Robert Dale, Kristina Striegnitz, Johanna Moore, and Jon Oberlander [2009] The software architecture for the First Challenge on Generating Instructions in Virtual Environments. In Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL, Demo Session, 30h March–3rd April 2009, Athens, Greece. [PDF]

38. Brett Powley, Robert Dale, and Ilya Anisimoff [2009] Enriching a Document Collection by Integrating Information Extraction and PDF Annotation. In Proceedings of Document Recognition and Retrieval XVI, 21st–22nd January 2009, San Jose, California, USA. [PDF]

39. Andrew Lampert, Robert Dale and Cécile Paris [2008] Requests and Commitments in Email are More Complex Than You Think: Eight Reasons to be Cautious. Pages 64–72 in Proceedings of the 2008 Australasian Language Technology Workshop, 8th–10th December 2008, CSIRO Tasmania ICT Centre, Hobart. [PDF]

40. Jette Viethen and Robert Dale [2008] Generating Relational References: What Makes a Difference? Pages 160–168 in Proceedings of the 2008 Australasian Language Technology Workshop, 8th–10th December 2008, CSIRO Tasmania ICT Centre, Hobart. [PDF]

41. Stephen Wan, Robert Dale, Mark Dras and Cécile Paris [2008] Seed and Grow: Augmenting Statistically Generated Summary Sentences using Schematic Word Patterns. Proceedings of EMNLP 2008: The Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 25th–27th October, 2008, Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii. [PDF]

42. Dave Barker-Plummer, Robert Dale, Richard Cox, and John Etchemendy [2008] Automated Assessment in the Internet Classroom. Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Education Informatics, edited by P Cohen, C Beal, and N Adams. November. AAAI Press. [PDF]

43. Richard Cox, Robert Dale, John Etchemendy and Dave Barker-Plummer [2008] Graphical revelations: Comparing students' translation errors in graphics and logic. Proceedings of DIAGRAMS 2008: The Fifth International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams, 19th–21st September 2008, Herrsching, Germany. [PDF]

44. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2008] What's the Date? High Accuracy Interpretation of Weekday Names. Pages 553–560 in Proceedings of COLING 2008: The 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 18–22 August 2008, Manchester, UK. [PDF]

45. Dave Barker-Plummer, Richard Cox, Robert Dale and John Etchemendy [2008] An Empirical Study of Errors in Translating Natural Language into Logic. Pages 505–510 in Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 23–26 July 2008, Washington DC, USA. [PDF]

46. Andrew Lampert, Robert Dale and Cécile Paris [2008] The Nature of Requests and Commitments in Email Messages. In Proceedings of EMAIL-2008, the AAAI-08 Workshop on Enhanced Messaging, 13 July 2008, Chicago, USA. [PDF]

47. Jette Viethen and Robert Dale [2008] The Use of Spatial Relations in Referring Expression Generation. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference (INLG08), 12–14 June 2008, Salt Fork, Ohio, USA. [PDF]

48. Jette Viethen, Robert Dale, Emiel Krahmer, Mariet Theune and Pascal Touset [2008] Controlling Redundancy in Referring Expressions. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC08), 28–30 May 2008, Marrakech, Morocco. [PDF]

49. Steven Bird, Robert Dale, Bonnie J Dorr, Bryan Gibson, Mark T Joseph, Min-Yen Kan, Dongwon Lee, Brett Powley, Dragomir R Radev, Yee Fan Tan [2008] The ACL Anthology Reference Corpus: A Reference Dataset for Bibliographic Research in Computational Linguistics. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC08), 28–30 May 2008, Marrakech, Morocco. [PDF]

50. Scott Nowson and Robert Dale [2007] Charting Democracy Across Parsers. In Proceedings of the 2007 Australasian Language Technology Workshop, 10–11 December 2007, Melbourne, Australia. [PDF]

51. Andrew Lampert, Cécile Paris and Robert Dale [2007] Can Requests-for-Action and Commitments-to-Act be Reliably Identified in Email Messages? Pages 48–55 in Proceedings of the 12th Australasian Document Computing Symposium, 10 December 2007, Melbourne, Australia. [PDF]

52. Robert Dale and Paweł Mazur [2007] The Semantics of Temporal Expressions in Text. Pages 435–444 in Proceedings of the Twentieth Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2–6 December 2007, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. [PDF]

53. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2007] A Rule Based Approach to Temporal Expression Tagging. In Proceedings of the International Multiconference on Computer Science and Information Technology (IMCSIT) 2nd International Symposium: Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Applications15–17 October 2007, Wisla, Poland. [PDF] Republished with minor modifications as Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2008] A Rule-Based Approach to Temporal Expression Tagging. Systems Science, 34:4, pages 19-26.

54. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2007] The DANTE Temporal Expression Tagger. In Proceedings of the 3rd Language and Technology Conference, 5–7 October 2007, Poznan, Poland. [PDF]

55. Stephen Wan, Robert Dale, Mark Dras and Cécile Paris [2007] Global Revision in Summarisation: Generating Novel Sentences with Prim's Algorithm. In Proceedings of PACLING 2007: The 10th Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics, 19–21 September 2007, Melbourne, Australia. [PDF]

56. Brett Powley and Robert Dale [2007] High Accuracy Citation Extraction and Named Entity Recognition. In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering, 30 August–1 September 2007, Beijing, China. [PDF]

57. Andrew Mutton, Mark Dras, Stephen Wan and Robert Dale [2007] GLEU: Automatic Evaluation of Sentence-Level Fluency. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 23rd–30th June 2007, Prague, Czech Republic. [PDF]

58. Jette Viethen and Robert Dale [2007] Capturing Acceptable Variation in Distinguishing Descriptions. In Proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 17–20 June 2007, Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany. [PDF]

59. Brett Powley and Robert Dale [2007] Evidence-Based Information Extraction for High Accuracy Citation and Author Name Identification. In Proceedings of RIAO 2007: the 8th Conference on Large-Scale Semantic Access to Content, 30 May 30 to 1 June 2007, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. [PDF]

60. Robert Dale and Paweł Mazur [2007] Handling Conjunctions in Named Entities. Pages 131–142 in A Gelbukh (ed), Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference, February, Mexico City, Mexico. [PDF]

61. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2007] A Supervised Machine Learning Approach to Conjunction Disambiguation. In Proceedings of the IJCAI-2007 Workshop on Analytics for Noisy Unstructured Text Data, January 8, Hyderabad, India. [PDF]

62. Stephen Wan, Mark Dras, Robert Dale, and Cécile Paris [2006] Using Dependency-Based Features to Take the 'Para-farce' out of Paraphrase. Pages 131-138 in Proceedings of the 2006 Australasian Language Technology Workshop, Nov 30–Dec 1, Sancta Sophia College, Sydney. [PDF]

63. Andrew Lampert, Robert Dale, and Cécile Paris [2006] Classifying Speech Acts using Verbal Response Modes. Pages 34–41 in Proceedings of the 2006 Australasian Language Technology Workshop, Nov 30–Dec 1, Sancta Sophia College, Sydney. [PDF]

64. Jette Viethen and Robert Dale [2006] Towards the Evaluation of Referring Expression Generation. Pages 115–122 in Proceedings of the 2006 Australasian Language Technology Workshop, Nov 30–Dec 1, Sancta Sophia College, Sydney. [PDF]

65. Jette Viethen and Robert Dale [2006] Algorithms for Generating Referring Expressions: Do They Do What People Do? In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Language Generation, 15–16 July, Sydney, Australia. [PDF]

66. Robert Dale and Paweł Mazur [2006] Local Semantics in the Interpretation of Temporal Expressions. Pages 9–16 in the Proceedings of the Coling/ACL2006 Workshop on Annotating and Reasoning about Time and Events, Sydney, Australia, July 2006. [PDF]

67. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2006] An Intermediate Representation for the Interpretation of Temporal Expressions. Pages 33–36 in the Proceedings of the COLING/ACL 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions, Sydney, Australia, July 2006. [PDF]

68. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2006] Named Entity Extraction with Conjunction Disambiguation. In the Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'06), Genoa, Italy, 24th–26th May, 2006, pages 1752–1755. [PDF]

69. Vanessa Long, S Cassidy, and Robert Dale [2006] A Multi-Level Table Evaluation Method For Plain Text Documents. Pages 21–24 in the Extended Abstracts of the 7th International Association for Pattern Recognition Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS 2006), Nelson, New Zealand, 13–15 February 2006. [PDF]

70. Paweł Mazur and Robert Dale [2005] Disambiguating Conjunctions in Named Entities. Pages 7–14 in the Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop (ALTW'05), Sydney, Australia, 9th–11th December, 2005. [PDF]

71. Robert Dale, Li Lei, Hugo De Vries, Mary Gardiner and Marc Tilbrook [2005] Summarising Company Announcements. Pages 651–656 in the Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering (IEEE NLP-KE'05), Wuhan, China, 30th October–1st November, 2005. [PDF]

72. Stephen Wan, Mark Dras, Robert Dale and Cécile Paris [2005] Towards statistical paraphrase generation: preliminary evaluations of grammaticality. In Proceedings of The 3rd International Workshop on Paraphrasing (IWP2005). 14 October 2007, Jeju Island, South Korea. [PDF]

73. Vanessa Long, Robert Dale, and Steve Cassidy [2005] A Model for Detecting and Merging Vertically Spanned Table Cells in Plain Text Documents. Pages 1242–1246 in the Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2005), Seoul, Korea, 29th August–1st September, 2005. [PDF]

74. Stephen Wan, Robert Dale, Mark Dras, and Cécile Paris [2005] Statistically Generated Summary Sentences: A Preliminary Evaluation using a Dependency Relation Precision Metric. In Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2005 Workshop on Using Corpora for Natural Language Generation, Birmingham, July 14th 2005. [PDF]

75. Rolf Schwitter, Robert Dale, and Dennis Chan [2005] Delivering Automated Health Monitoring via Telephone. Pages 143–147 in S Rubinelli and J Haes (eds), Tailoring Health Messages: Proceedings of the International Conference, Monte Verità, July 6th–10th 2005. [PDF]

76. Stephen Wan, Robert Dale, Mark Dras, and Cécile Paris [2005] Searching for Grammaticality: Propagating Dependencies in the Viterbi Algorithm. In the Proceedings of the 10th European Natural Language Generation Workshop, Aberdeen, Scotland. [PDF]

77. Hwee Tou Ng, Yu Zhou, Robert Dale and Mary Gardiner [2005] A Machine Learning Approach to Identification and Resolution of One-Anaphora. In the Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-05), Edinburgh, Scotland, 30th July–5th August 2005. [PDF]

78. Bernd Bohnet and Robert Dale [2005] Viewing Referring Expression Generation as Search. In the Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-05), Edinburgh, Scotland, 30th July–5th August 2005. [PDF]

79. Bernd Bohnet and Robert Dale [2004] Referring Expression Generation as a Search Problem. In the Proceedings of the Second Australasian Language Technology Workshop, Macquarie University, Sydney, 8th December 2004. [PDF]

80. Stephen Choularton and Robert Dale [2004] User Responses to Speech Recognition Errors: Consistency of Behaviour across Domains. In the Proceedings of the Tenth Australian International Conference on Speech Science & Technology, Macquarie University, Sydney, 8th–10th December 2004. [PDF]

81. Robert Dale, Rafael Calvo and Marc Tilbrook [2004] Key Element Summarisation: Extracting Information from Company Announcements. In Proceedings of the 17th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 7th–10th December 2004, Cairns, Queensland, Australia. [PDF]

82. Hua Cheng, Lawrence Cavedon and Robert Dale [2004] Generating Navigation Information Based on the Driver's Route Knowledge. Pages 31–38 in Proceedings of the Coling 2004 Workshop on Robust and Adaptive Information Processing for Mobile Speech Interfaces, 28th–29th August 2004, Geneva, Switzerland. [PDF]

83. Stephen Wan, Mark Dras, Cécile Paris and Robert Dale [2003] Straight to the point: Discovering themes for summary generation. In Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop, 10th December 2003, University of Melbourne. [PDF]

84. Stephen Wan, Mark Dras, Cécile Paris, and Robert Dale [2003] Using Thematic Information in Statistical Headline Generation. In The Proceedings of the ACL 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering, Sapporo, Japan, 11th July 2005. [PDF]

85. Robert Dale [2003] One-Anaphora and the Case for Discourse-Driven Referring Expression Generation. In Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop, 10th December 2003, University of Melbourne. [PDF]

86. Robert Dale, Cécile Paris, and Marc Tilbrook [2003] Information Extraction via Path Merging. In Proceedings of the 16th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AI-03), 3rd–5th December 2003, Perth, Western Australia. [PDF]

87. Robert Dale, Sabine Geldof and Jean-Philippe Prost [2003] CORAL : Using Natural Language Generation for Navigational Assistance. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Australasian Computer Science Conference (ACSC2003), 4th–7th February, Adelaide, South Australia. [PDF]

88. Robert Dale, Diego Molla Aliod, and Rolf Schwitter [2003] Natural Language Processing in the Undergraduate Curriculum. In Proceedings of the Fifth Australasian Computing Education Conference (ACE2003), 4th–7th February, Adelaide, South Australia. [PDF]

89. Robert Dale, Marc Tilbrook and Cécile Paris [2002] Information Extraction in the KELP Framework. Pages 117–120 in James Thom and Judy Kay (eds), Proceedings of the Seventh Australian Document Computing Symposium (ADCS02), 16th December, Sydney, Australia. [PDF]

90. Josef Meyer and Robert Dale [2002] Learning selectional preferences for use in resolving associative anaphora. In Proceedings of the 2002 Australasian Natural Language Processing Workshop, 2nd December, Canberra, Australia. [PDF]

91. Robert Dale, Sabine Geldof and Jean-Philippe Prost [2002] Generating more natural route descriptions. In Proceedings of the 2002 Australasian Natural Language Processing Workshop, 2nd December, Canberra, Australia. [PDF]

92. Josef Meyer and Robert Dale [2002] Mining a Corpus to Support Associative Anaphora Resolution. In Proceedings of the Fourth Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquium (DAARC 2002), 18th–20th September, Lisbon, Portugal. [PDF]

93. Josef Meyer and Robert Dale [2002] Using the WordNet Hierarchy for Associative Anaphora Resolution. In Proceedings of SemaNet'02: Building and Using Semantic Networks, 31st August, Taipei, Taiwan. [PDF]

94. Robert Dale, Rolf Schwitter and Diego Mollá Aliod [2002] Evangelising Language Technology: A Practically-Focussed Undergraduate Program. In Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies in Teaching NLP and CL, 7th July, University of Pennsylvania, USA. [PDF]

95. Yusuf Pisan, Anthony Sloane, Debbie Richards, and Robert Dale [2002] Providing timely feedback to large classes. Pages 413–414 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE), Auckland, New Zealand: IEEE Press. [PDF]

96. Sabine Geldof and Robert Dale [2002] Improving route descriptions on mobile devices. In Proceedings of the ISCA Workshop on Multi-modal Dialogue in Mobile Environments, 17–19 June, Kloster Irsee, Germany. [PDF]

97. Joseph Cathcart and Robert Dale [2001] Producing a Cross-Linguistic Dictionary using Statistical Machine Translation: A First Experiment with English and Indonesian. In Proceedings of the 2001 Australasian Natural Language Processing Workshop, 20th April, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. [PDF]
98. Josef Meyer and Robert Dale [2001] Issues in Anaphora Annotation: The Case of Encyclopaedic Animal Descriptions. In Proceedings of the 2001 Australasian Natural Language Processing Workshop, 20th April, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. [PDF]
99. Stephen Wan and Robert Dale [2001] Merging Sentences Using Shallow Semantic Analysis: A First Experiment. In Proceedings of the 2001 Australasian Natural Language Processing Workshop, 20th April, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. [PDF]
100. Ion Androutsopoulos and Robert Dale [2000] Selectional Restrictions in HPSG. Pages 15–20 in Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-2000), Saarbrucken, Germany. [PDF]

101. Josef Meyer and Robert Dale [2000] Building Hybrid Knowledge Representations from Text. Pages 158–165 in Proceedings of the 23rd Australasian Computer Science Conference (ACSC2000), February, Canberra, Australia. [PDF]
102. Stephen J Green, Maria Milosavljevic, Robert Dale, Cécile Paris [1999] When Virtual Documents Meet the Real World. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Virtual Documents, Hypertext Functionality and the Web, held in conjunction with the Eighth International World Wide Web Conference.

103. Margaret Wasko and Robert Dale [1999] Generating Natural Language Descriptions of Project Plans. In Proceedings of 12th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, December 6–10, Sydney, Australia. [PDF]
104. Robert Dale, Stephen J Green, Maria Milosavljevic, Cécile Paris, Corneila Verspoor and Sandra Williams [1998] Dynamic Document Delivery: Generating Natural Language Texts on Demand. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference and Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA'98), August 24–28, Vienna, Austria. [PDF]
105. Robert Dale, Stephen J Green, Maria Milosavljevic, Cécile Paris, Corneila Verspoor and S Williams [1998] Using Natural Language Generation Techniques to Produce Virtual Documents. In Proceedings of the Third Australian Document Computing Symposium (ADCS'98), August 21, Sydney, Australia. [PDF]
106. Robert Dale, Stephen J Green, Maria Milosavljevic, Cécile Paris, Corneila Verspoor and Sandra Williams [1998] The Realities of Generating Natural Language from Databases. Pages 62–74 in Proceedings of the Applications Track of the 11th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, July 13–17, Brisbane, Australia. [PDF]
107. Robert Dale and Christopher Mellish [1998] Towards the Evaluation of Natural Language Generation. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Evaluation of Natural Language Processing Systems, May 28–30, Granada, Spain. [PDF]
108. Victor Essers and Robert Dale [1998] Choosing a Surface Realiser. In Proceedings of PRICAI98, Singapore, September 1998. [PDF]
109. Maria Milosavljevic, Robert Dale, Stephen J Green, Cécile Paris and Sandra Williams [1998] Virtual Museums on the Information Superhighway: Prospects and Potholes. In Proceedings of CIDOC'98: the Annual Conference of the International Committee for Documentation of the International Council of Museums, October 10–14, Melbourne, Australia. [PDF]
110. Corneila Verspoor, Robert Dale, Stephen J Green, Maria Milosavljevic, Cécile Paris and Sandra Williams [1998] Intelligent Agents for Information Presentation: Dynamic Description of Knowledge Base Objects. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intelligent Agents on the Internet and Web, March 16–20, Mexico City. [PDF]
111. Sarah Boyd and Robert Dale [1997] A Conceptual Model for Describing Time-Series Data. In Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Australasian Cognitive Science Society, Newcastle, Australia, September 26–28, 1997.
112. Robert Dale [1997] A Framework for Complex Tokenisation and its Application to Newspaper Text. In Proceedings of the Second Australian Document Computing Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, April 5, 1997. [PDF]
113. Robert Dale and Sarah Boyd [1997] Generating Textual Summaries of Weather Data. Abstract in Proceedings of the Australian Physical Oceanography Conference and the Fourth Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society National Conference, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, February 9–12, 1997.
114. Robert Dale, Maria Milosavljevic, and Jon Oberlander [1997] The Web as Dialogue: the role of natural language generation in hypertext. In Proceedings of the AAAI Symposium on Natural Language Processing and the World Wide Web, Stanford University, March 24–26. [PDF]
115. Robert Dale and Maria Milosavljevic [1996] Authoring on Demand: Natural Language Generation in Hypertext Documents. In Proceedings of the First Australian Document Computing Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, March 20–21. [PDF]
116. Robert Dale and Ehud Reiter [1996] The Role of the Gricean Maxims in the Generation of Referring Expressions. Pages 16–20 in Working Notes for the AAAI Spring Symposium on Computational Implicature: Computational Approaches to Interpreting and Generating Conversational Implicature, Stanford, March 25–27. [PDF]
117. Maria Milosavljevic and Robert Dale [1996] Strategies for Comparison in Encyclopaedia Descriptions. Pages 161–170 in Proceedings of the Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop, Herstmonceux Castle, UK, June 12–15. [PDF]
118. Maria Milosavljevic and Robert Dale [1996] Text Generation and User Modelling on the Web. Pages 2–8 in Proceedings of the Workshop on User Modelling for Information Filtering on the World Wide Web, Fifth International Conference on User Modelling, Hawaii, January 2–5. [HTML]
119. Maria Milosavljevic, Adrian Tulloch and Robert Dale [1996] Text Generation in a Dynamic Hypertext Environment. Pages 417–426 in Proceedings of the 19th Australasian Computer Science Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 31 January–2 February. [PDF]
120. Robert Dale [1995] Generating One-Anaphora: Where Does the Decision Lie? In Proceedings of PACLING-95, Brisbane, April. [PDF]
121. Robert Dale [1995] Referring Expression Generation: Problems Introduced by One-Anaphora. Pages 40–46 in Principles of Natural Language Generation: Papers from a Dagstuhl Seminar, edited by Wolfgang Hoeppner and Helmut Horacek. Bericht Nr. SI-12, Dagstuhl, Germany, February.
122. Adrian Tulloch and Robert Dale [1995] Speeding up Linguistic Realisation Using a Cache. Poster at The Eighth Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AI'95), Canberra, Australia.

123. Robert Dale, Wolfgang Finkler, Richard Kittredge, Nils Lenke, Gunter Neumann, Conny Peters and Manfred Stede [1994] Lexicalisation and Architecture. Pages 30–38 in Proceedings of the Dagstuhl Seminar on Principles of Natural Language Generation, Dagstuhl Seminar Report 93, July 25–29.
124. Robert Dale and Shona Douglas [1993] Language Sensitivity and Intelligent Text Processing. Pages 323–330 in Proceedings of the JFIT Technical Conference, University of Keele, March 23–24.
125. Colin Matheson and Robert Dale [1993] BibEdit: A knowledge-based Copy Editing Tool for Bibliographic Information. In E S Atwell (ed) Knowledge at Work in Universities: Second Annual Conference of the Higher Education Funding Councils' Knowledge Based Systems Initiative. Cambridge.

126. Robert Dale [1992] Exploring the Role of Punctuation in the Signalling of Discourse Structure. In Proceedings of a Workshop on Text Representation and Domain Modelling, Technical University of Berlin.
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127. Khee Yin How and Robert Dale [1992] Generating Schedules from Instructions. Pages 457–462 in Proceedings of The First Singapore International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Singapore, 29th September–1st October.
128. Khee Yin How and Robert Dale [1992] The Temporal Structure of Instructional Text. Pages 576–582 in Proceedings of the Second Pacific Rim Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seoul, Korea, 15th–18th September 1992.
129. Shona Douglas and Robert Dale [1992] Towards Robust PATR. In Proceedings of Coling-92, Nantes, France, July 1992.
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130. Ehud Reiter and Robert Dale [1992] A Fast Algorithm for the Generation of Referring Expressions. In Proceedings of Coling-92, Nantes, France, July 1992. [PDF]
131. Robert Dale [1991] The Role of Punctuation in Discourse Structure. In Working Notes for the AAAI Fall Symposium on Discourse Structure in Natural Language Understanding and Generation, Asilomar, November. [PDF]
132. Jon Oberlander and Robert Dale [1991] Generating Expressions Referring to Eventualities. Pages 67–72 in Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of Cognitive Science Society, Chicago, August.
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133. Robert Dale and Nicholas Haddock [1991] Generating Referring Expressions Involving Relations. In Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Berlin, Germany, April.
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134. Robert Dale [1989] Cooking Up Referring Expressions. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vancouver BC, June. [PDF]

Patents

• Robert Dale, Mario Feegrade, Neil Burnett, William Anthony Bradshaw. Method and apparatus for interactive reports. US Patent 9,244,894: filed September 16, 2013; awarded January 26, 2016.
• Gowri Somayajulu Sripada, Robert Dale, Mario Feegrade, and Daniel da Silva de Paiva. Method, apparatus, and computer program product for user-directed reporting. US Patent 9,396,181: filed September 16, 2013; awarded July 19, 2016.
• Hua Cheng, Lawrence Cavedon, Robert Dale, Fuliang Weng, Yao Meng, and Stanley Peters. Method and system for adaptive navigation using driver's route knowledge. US Patent 7,424,363: filed August 20, 2004; awarded November 2008.

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